... meaning.¹

There are examples known in mathematics where a basic formal theory happens to allow more than one interpretation, e.g. geometry. geometry This does not mean, however, that any formal theory may in general be used for any new interpretation desired. A case in point is logical semantics, whose formalism cannot be interpreted simultaneously as a general description of truth and a general description of natural language meaning - as shown by the phenomenon of propositional attitudes.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... R.,²

The intensional logic by Carnap Carnap, R. and Montague is [-sense] because expressions refer directly to the `world'. Apart from the definition of a few additional operators, the only difference between intensional logic and a corresponding extensional system consists in the fact that in intensional logic the world is represented not just be a single model but rather by a model structure. The model structure represents different states of the world, represented by a multitude of models which have different indices. The indices provide the formal domain for functions which Carnap calls intensions.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... states.³

Accordingly, Frege Frege, G. defended himself explicitly against misinterpreting his system as representing cognitive states, which would be what he called `psychologistic'. psychologism Recently, `Situation Semantics' (Barwise & Perry 1983 Barwise, J. & J. Perry) and `Discourse Semantics' (Kamp & Reyle Kamp, H. & U. Reyle 1993) have attempted to revive the [+sense, -constructive] type of semantics. Their inherently anti-cognitive point of view is clearly depicted in Barwise & Perry Barwise, J. & J. Perry 1983, p. 226, in the form of diagrams. situation semantics  discourse semantics

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... programmer.⁴

Examples are the chess board chess (Newell & Simon Newell, A. & H. Simon, Reddy Reddy, D.R., et al. et al.) and the blocks world blocks world (Winograd Winograd, T.).

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... language.⁵

The acronym SLIM stands for Surface compositional Linear Internal Matching.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.